家族

戚繼光出生於軍戶家庭，六世祖戚詳是安徽定遠縣人，跟隨朱元璋作戰，1382年左右戰死於雲南，追授世襲山東登州衛指揮僉事。戚繼光父親戚景通承襲祖職，1528年55歲時生下戚繼光，1535年升任京師神機營副將。戚繼光弟弟戚繼美也從軍，1582年任職貴州總兵。

生平

早年

戚繼光年少時自父親戚景通學習詩書禮儀和兵法戰略，1544年父親過世，戚繼光承職父職。1548年至1552年間，他奉命率領登州衛所士兵遠戍北京東北的薊門，春去秋歸，每年一次。1549年，他考中山東武舉，次年入京會試落第，因事暫留京城。當時正逢蒙古入侵，進逼北京，戚繼光參與守城，並上書明世宗，陳述與蒙古作戰與防禦對方再次入侵的方略。當時戚繼光獲計士元、劉瑤、阮鶚等多位官員舉薦，頗孚眾望。1553年戚繼光26歲時，獲任命為山東都指揮僉事，負責防範山東沿海的倭寇。他嚴格執行軍紀，嚴懲不聽令的部下，以紀律嚴明著稱。

鎮守南方

1553至1566年，是東南沿海倭寇為禍最烈的時期。當時浙江倭寇肆虐，朝廷選派有才能的將領前往浙江，增強當地軍力。1555年，戚繼光調任浙江，擔任浙江都司僉書，負責屯田事宜，次年受浙江總督胡宗憲賞識，升任參將，負責防禦錢塘江以東地區，並支援寧波、紹興、台州三府。他與台州知府譚綸一同訓練當地軍隊對抗倭寇。譚綸很賞識戚繼光，從此一直把戚繼光留在左右。戚繼光計劃訓練鄉勇以抵禦倭寇，得到胡宗憲批准後，他開始招兵，1557年，在紹興招募了三千多人進行訓練。1558年，戚繼光在舟山群島抵抗王直養子，並不成功。他發現將城市人訓練為精兵實在困難，決定只訓練農村青年。1559年，官兵進攻浙江岑港的倭寇巢穴，久而無功，戚繼光和俞大猷雖然沒有參與戰鬥，卻被降職，受令限一個月內蕩平岑港，否則帶至京城問罪。之後戚繼光受命負責訓練來自義烏的三千多名志願者，創立新的陣形「鴛鴦陣」。戚繼光有感當時官兵漫無紀律，猶如烏合之眾，旗號猶如兒戲，練兵特別注重軍紀、戰術、戰技、偵察，並培養士兵的戰鬥精神。這支軍隊後來以戚家軍聞名，有效打擊倭寇。

1560年3月，戚繼光恢復參將職位，統轄台州、嚴州和金華三地軍務，繼續訓練士兵。次年，倭寇大舉入侵台州沿海，戚繼光領兵抗擊，一個月內九戰九勝，倭寇幾乎全部殲滅，而戚家軍傷亡極少。立功後，戚繼光升任為都指揮使，名聲大震，江西官員向朝廷要求派他前往江西鎮壓叛亂。1561年11月，他率兵前往江西，不出一個月就凱旋，江西人見識到一支紀律嚴明、給養充足，領導有方、作戰有素、富有默契的軍隊。1557年倭寇首領王直被捕後，餘黨由舟山群島南遷，為禍福建和廣東。1562年6月，戚繼光率軍援救福建以抵禦倭寇，多次戰勝後返回浙江。12月，倭寇援兵大量抵達，攻陷福建各地，包括平海衛城和興化府城。倭寇之亂以來，這是第一次連府城也淪陷，遠近震動。次年初，戚繼光獲任命為副總兵，負責福建北部沿海防務；譚綸獲任命為巡撫，提督福建軍務。二人齊心協力，重挫倭寇，在5月時收復平海和興化，並摧毀倭寇在福建沿海最後的基地。

1563年，戚繼光升任為都督同知，年底被召回福建，升任總兵，統領閩浙兩省軍務。次年追擊在福建與倭寇勾結的寇賊吳平，一直追至廣東。戚家軍是長勝部隊，勝利紀錄無出其右。其他官兵幾個月都無法解決的倭寇據點，戚家軍可以在幾小時內攻克。戚繼光平倭有功，不僅取決於訓練精良，還在於守備有方，並能與其他官員齊心合力。他從受倭寇侵略的地區招募鄉勇，並在當地知縣支持下，給予鄉兵豐厚軍餉。由於訓練有素，士兵勇敢作戰，不會膽怯退縮。戚繼光和福建巡撫譚綸和監軍汪道昆密切配合，到1567年，已將福建沿海倭寇肅清。

鎮守北方

明朝開始重視北方邊防，戚繼光被召到北京，負責到京城北部訓練軍隊。離開閩浙前，他把自己出色的舊部皆委以軍事重任。1567年戚繼光到達北京後，獲任命為禁軍神機營副將，這是他父親曾擔任過的職位。他自覺無用武之地，請求負責薊州、遼東、昌平和保定地區的防務。譚綸比戚繼光先入京，擔任薊遼總督，極力推薦戚繼光。1568年5月，戚繼光受命總理薊州、昌平和保定三地防務，次年又兼任薊州總兵。1570年，譚綸由薊遼總督轉任兵部尚書，戚繼光則仍留守薊州，其後輔佐了四任總督。戚繼光訓練一支作戰有方的軍隊，在張居正和譚綸轄下嚴密佈防。張居正對戚繼光十份信任，指示他要保持邊境和平，不要主動進攻，而戚繼光自己則其實想採取攻勢。1571年明朝與蒙古訂立和約。與在沿海平定倭寇相比，戚繼光守衛長城抵禦蒙古人的十五年間，可謂平靜許多。他從一名戰略指揮轉型為一位軍務管理者。他請求徵調一些他在浙江時的舊部，朝廷批准把他在浙江訓練的士兵調到薊州，最初員額為三千人，後來擴充至二萬。由於北方士兵質素極不理想，戚繼光還是主要信賴來自南方的舊部。1573年，蒙古土蠻與俺答曾侵犯邊境，戚繼光領兵截擊。蒙古人因畏於戚繼光守邊，此後不敢再進犯薊州。

戚繼光屢受封賞，1570年，他獲任命為右都督，1571年長城塔樓基本竣工，他接任世襲登州衛千戶。1574年，升任明朝最高軍職左都督，七年後加封錦衣衛百戶、少保兼太子太保。戚繼光到任前，薊州十五年間換了八任總兵，而戚繼光擔任薊州總兵則長達14年之久，除了因為他有軍事才幹外，也因為他在朝廷有兵部尚書譚綸及首輔張居正為後盾。

晚年

1582年張居正逝世，戚繼光因與張居正關係密切而得罪明神宗。大臣提醒明神宗，戚繼光是宮門外的猛獸，只聽命於張居正，別人無法節制。張居正逝世後不到六個月，戚繼光遭受彈劾而被罷免，回到登州，後來調為廣東總兵，官階依舊，但失去了拱衛京師的重要地位。1585年他被參劾，被明神宗免職。戚繼光罷官居家後，很少朋友仍然和他來往。他積蓄甚少，晚年一貧如洗，甚至醫藥費不繼。1588年，有監察御史上疏建議重新起用戚繼光，受明神宗駁回和責罰。3個月後，戚繼光在登州家中辭世，身後汪道昆為他撰寫墓誌銘。

軍政

針對倭寇

戚繼光在浙江建立戚家軍，建軍方案有條不紊，他宣佈招兵方法，規定月餉數額，擬定職務分配的原則，確定官兵的職責，統一武器規格，頒發旗幟金鼓以便通訊等等。他確立嚴厲軍法，實行連坐法，一人退卻則一人斬首，全隊退卻則隊長斬首，隊長殉職而全隊退卻則全隊斬首。士兵由此培養出同生死、共勝敗的精神。士兵擅自離開小便會被罰以割去耳朵。戚繼光治軍賞罰分明，其部下每人年餉銀10兩，軍餉大體與農村短工收入相等，但另設重賞，一個敵人首級賞額白銀30兩。他只招募農民而不收城市人，因後者多狡猾無賴，不能奮勇殺敵，往往臨陣逃脫。凡臉色白晢，眼神輕靈、動作輕快的人一概擯諸門外。

1559年，戚繼光在浙江練兵時創立「鴛鴦陣」，每隊由12名士兵組成，分工合作，密切配合。在不同戰情或地形下，一隊可以一分為二。每隊隊長一人，伙兵一人，戰士十人，其中四人操長槍，為攻擊主力，前面有四名士兵，右方士兵持大而長的藤牌，左方士兵持小而圓的藤牌，之後有兩名士兵手執狼筅。長槍手之後，有二名士兵帶钂鈀。右方持大藤牌的士兵，主要任務是保持既得位置，穩定本隊陣腳，左邊持圓藤牌的士兵則要匍匐而進，在牌後擲出標槍，引誘敵人離開有利防禦的位置。如果引誘成功，後面兩個士兵以狼筅掃倒敵人，然後讓手持長槍的夥伴一躍而上刺死敵人。手持钂鈀的士兵則負責保護本隊後方，警戒側翼，必要時支持前方夥伴，構成第二線的攻擊力。鴛鴦陣同時配備長兵器和短兵器，接戰時，長12尺的長槍是有效的攻擊武器，但必須和敵人保持相當距離，如果敵人已進入槍桿距離之內，長槍即形同作廢。手持狼筅的士兵不需特別技術，只要臂力夠大就勝任。當時明軍士兵的長槍常被倭寇用倭刀砍斷，戚繼光為了對付倭刀，便採用以竹竿所製、堅硬的狼筅，效果甚佳。此後明軍開始普遍使用這種兵器。戚繼光很重視倭刀的威力，也給自己的軍隊裝備了倭刀。

戚繼光訓練的部隊，分為營、總、官、哨、隊五級，十二人為一隊，四隊為一哨，四哨為一官，四官為一總，四總為一營，一營將士3072人。實戰時，視乎敵人多寡強弱，隨時調整，有時四級，有時三級。他嚴格訓練士兵的武藝，要士兵互相切磋，練習跑步以鍛練體力；訓練時要士兵操持較重的武器，使他們上陣時使用兵器更為純熟。他深知倭寇戰鬥力強，要以五對一的優勢迎敵。戚繼光為部下配備少數火銃與火炮，他知道火器的威力，但在實戰中並不依賴火器。當時明朝所造的鳥銃質素太低，銃管常會炸裂，以致士兵提心吊膽，不敢雙手握銃以作瞄準，有的鉛彈與火炮口徑尺寸不合，有的火炮導火線無法燃點。因此戚繼光只把火器應用於有限範圍。後來他為每隊步兵配備鳥銃二枝，規定銃手必須出發前領取足夠彈藥，臨陣時假稱用完彈藥，以畏敵論罪。

明朝官員對應在陸上還是在海上迎擊倭寇意見分歧，戚繼光傾向在陸上迎敵，他建立三層防禦體系，在福建沿海小島建立哨站，大軍戍守主要城市，他自己則指揮一支高度機動的軍隊，一聞警報便立即趕赴。他在城鎮四面重要路口設下哨兵，每處三或五人，日夜值班，遇有敵情，以火銃和火把作出警報，警戒嚴密，使敵人無法突襲。戚繼光作戰時顧慮精密，臨陣前兩三天，戚繼光就派兵偵察敵情，要每兩小時報告一次。地圖用紅黑兩色繪製，有時甚至用泥土塑成地形模型。他以一串740粒珠子的捻珠計時，以掌握準確時間。

針對蒙古

在薊州防守時，戚繼兵引入戰車以對付蒙古騎兵。這種戰車的車箱沒有箱板，而是有八片可以折疊的屏風，共長15尺，平時放在車轅上，作戰時打開樹立在一邊車輪之後。幾十輛戰車可以並肩銜接，擺成或圓或方的防禦據點。一輛戰車裝備大口徑火槍「佛朗機」兩門，以青銅或鐵鑄，長三至七尺不等，口徑小於二寸，從炮口裝入鉛彈，最大型的佛朗機射程為二千尺。佛朗機和鳥銃都在戰車上屏風後開火，屏風開洞作為鉛彈出口，敵軍進入250尺或500尺範圍才開火。士兵20人配備戰車一輛，其中10人直接附屬戰車，施放佛朗機，另外10人是「殺手」，以藤牌、钂鈀和長柄單刀迎敵。殺手和戰車距離保持在25尺以內，殺手前進，戰車也隨之推進。其他步兵仍使用鴛鴦陣，稍有差異的是藤牌手應匍匐前進斬砍敵人馬腳，長槍手則挑刺敵軍使之墮馬，竹製的狼筅部份已改為鐵製。迎敵時騎兵先在前方阻擋敵人，讓戰車有充裕時間組成作戰隊形。敵軍逼近，騎兵就退入戰車陣內。軍中也可能攜帶大炮，俗稱「大將軍」，重一千斤，以騾車裝運，放炮時須用大木楔入地面加以固定，不用彈丸，而是以小鐵球和石塊充填，作用是近距離大量殺傷敵軍人馬。火器發揮威力後，步兵就從戰車後衝出攻擊，以喇叭聲音協同動作。當敵人攻勢受挫，隊形散亂，騎兵就從戰車後出擊。這套戰術因明朝與蒙古人議和，實戰經驗無多。1571年，戚繼光上奏請求設立車營，四人推車一輛，作戰時結成方陣，騎兵步兵處於其中。他又製作拒馬器，輕巧便利，可遏止敵騎的來襲。

戚繼光提議修築長城。北京一帶「邊牆」原本為明初大將徐達所築，戚繼光建議增造堡壘，最初計劃以250人組成一營，每營一年內要建造堡壘70座，薊州全境共建造三千座。後來朝廷批准施工1200座，工程綿延十載才竣工。堡壘標準規格是三層，台頂方12尺，可駐守30至50士兵，建築材料磚石灰泥主要由北方士兵自製，築成後，主要由南兵把守。

著作

1560年戚繼光在浙江時，將練兵方法寫成《紀效新書》18卷，1562年由他本人初刊。在籌備薊州防務期間，他編纂了《練兵實紀》9卷及《練兵雜記》6卷，總結他在薊州練兵和守邊的經驗，1571年初刊。戚繼光文集《止止堂集》於1580年左右刊印，除了收錄他的兵書外，還包括其雜記《愚愚稿》2卷和詩文集《橫槊稿》3卷。其《紀效新書》及《止止堂集》都得到當時文壇領袖王世貞作序。戚繼光的詩歌給人拘束和平庸的感覺，以當時武官標準來說，其文章造詣僅次於俞大猷。後來戚繼光的兵書多次被刪節或修改，以別名刊印，如《蒞戎要略》或《長子心鈐》。他的一些重要奏章收錄於陳子龍的《皇明經世文編》，另有些奏章和詩詞收集於其子戚祚國為他所編的年譜。

家庭

戚繼光在1545年結婚，相當懼內；其妻性情豪邁，1561年曾率兵守衛一個被倭寇包圍的要塞。婚後戚繼光一直沒有子嗣，1563年後他瞞著夫人，娶妾三人，生子五人，直到兒子長大成人，其夫人都不知道他們的存在。戚繼光去世前，其夫人離棄了他。長子戚祚國生於1567年，三子戚昌國生於1573年，曾任職京城錦衣衛。傳說戚繼光第二子因違犯軍法而被他處死。

地位

戚繼光被視為明朝當時最有才能的將領，和他同時的將領，沒有人能建立如此輝煌的功業。他獲封少保兼太子太保，在明代，只有四名武官獲得比他地位更高的太傅頭銜，他也是在明代唯一一位獲封少保的布衣官員。戚繼光卒後30年，朝廷追謚他為「武毅」，在他任職之地都建有祠堂以示紀念，在興化府就有三所。1630年，戚繼光兒子戚昌國上書請求為台州戚公祠賜名，明思宗賜其名為「表忠祠」。戚繼光肅清福建的倭寇，當地人在福清縣修建戚公祠。1733年戚公祠重修，1937年日軍侵華時再次重修。《明史》以他和俞大猷相比，認為他的操行不如俞大猷，但更為果敢剛毅。袁世凱推崇戚繼光為中國軍事英雄。戚繼光的兵書被視為兵法經典，多次刊印，曾國藩和蔣介石都強調戚繼光兵書對行軍打仗很重要，蔣介石稱其書是孫子以後最好的兵書。

紀念

紀念地

• 中國山東省蓬萊市建有戚繼光祠

• 中國浙江省台州市建有戚繼光祠

• 中國浙江省玉環市建有戚繼光平倭紀念碑

影視作品

• 《抗倭俠侶》，2014年中國大陸古裝戲

• 《戚繼光》，2014年中國大陸動畫片

• 《抗倭英雄戚繼光》，2015年中央電視台電視劇

• 《蕩寇風雲》，2017年電影

軍艦

• 中華民國海軍成功級巡防艦3號艦繼光號巡防艦（PFG-1105）是一艘以戚繼光來命名的軍艦

• 中國人民解放軍海軍680型訓練艦首艦戚繼光號，弦號83，以戚繼光來命名。戚繼光號滿載排水量9000噸，是中國海軍噸位最大、現代化水平最高的專業訓練艦。

注釋

參看

• 戚繼光牌坊（父子總督坊與母子節孝坊）

• 戚繼光墓

• 蓬萊水城

• 光餅

• 鹹光餅

• 鼎邊糊

• 三合麵

• 土筍凍

延伸閱讀

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Biography

Early life

Qi Jiguang was born in the town of Luqiao in Shandong province to a family with a long military tradition. His forefather served as a military leader under Hongwu Emperor and died in battle. When Zhu Yuanzhang became the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, he bestowed upon the Qi family the hereditary post of commander-in-chief of Dengzhou Garrison, a district of the present day Penglai.

Qi Jiguang's father Qi Jingtong (戚景通) (1473–1544) was a skilled martial arts expert and an upright and devoted military general. Strongly influenced by his family, Qi Jiguang took an early interest in the military. As a child, he built ramparts from clay, piled up rubble to form barracks, and made flags from bamboo sticks and paper to play war games with his friends and himself as the commander.

When his father died, Qi Jiguang took over the commandership of Dengzhou Garrison at the age of 17. As his siblings were still young, he married Lady Wang and left domestic affairs to her. Besides building up the naval defense at the garrison, he also led his troops in the defense of Jizhou (薊州, east of present-day Beijing) against Mongol raiders during spring time from 1548 to 1552.

At the age of 22, Qi Jiguang headed for Beijing to take part in the martial imperial examination. During this time, Mongol troops led by Altan Khan broke through the northern defenses and laid siege to Beijing. Candidates participating in the martial arts exam were mobilized to defend the nine gates of the capital. Qi Jiguang twice submitted defense proposals to the emperor and was noted to have displayed extraordinary valor and military cunning during the battle, and saw the defeat of the invaders.

Battles against the wokou pirates

In 1553, Qi Jiguang was promoted to Assistant Regional Military Commissioner (都指揮僉事) of Shandong's defense force against wokou pirates, which included Japanese, Portuguese, and Southeast Asians, but were mostly Chinese. When Qi Jiguang took over the commandership of Shandong's coastal defense, he had less than 10,000 troops at hand, though the recorded strength was 30,000. Furthermore, many of his soldiers who were young and strong men deserted to make a living elsewhere, leaving behind the old and the weak. The troops also lacked training and discipline, while the defense works were dilapidated due to years of negligence.

In the fall of 1555, Qi was sent to Zhejiang where the pirating situation had spiraled out of control. Together with two other generals, Yu Dayou and Tan Lun, Qi led Ming forces to a decisive victory at Cen Harbor (岑港) in 1558. Henceafter, his troops continued to deal blows to the pirates at Taozhu (桃渚), Haimen Garrison and Taizhou. After the victory at Cen Harbor, not only was Qi not credited for his valor, he was almost demoted over slander that he liaised with wokou pirates.

With the situation in Zhejiang under control, Qi shifted his focus to drilling his soldiers. He drafted mainly miners and farmers from the county of Yiwu because he believed these people to be honest and hardworking. He also oversaw the construction of 44 naval vessels of various sizes to be used against pirates at sea.

The first trial for Qi's new army came in 1559. After a month-long battle with wokou pirate in Taizhou Prefecture, the pirates suffered over 5,000 casualties, while Qi's army established a name for itself among both the people of Zhejiang and its enemies. Partly as a result of Qi's military success in Zhejiang, pirate activities surged in the province of Fujian. More than 10,000 pirates had established strongholds along the coast from Fu'an in the north to Zhangzhou in the south.

In July 1562, Qi Jiguang led 6,000 elite troops south into Fujian. Within two months, his army had eradicated three major lairs of wokou pirates at Hengyu (橫嶼), Niutian (牛田) and Lindun (林墩). However, his own army also suffered significant losses to fighting and disease.

Seeing the pirate infestation in Fujian subdued, Qi then returned to Zhejiang to regroup. The pirates took the opportunity to invade Fujian again, this time succeeding in conquering Xinghua (興化, present day Putian).

In April 1563, Qi Jiguang led 10,000 troops into Fujian and reclaimed Xinghua. Over the next year, a series of victories by Qi Jiguang's army finally saw the pirate problem in Fujian resolved.

In September 1565, a major battle against wokou pirates was fought on the island of Nan'ao, which lies near the boundary between the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. There Qi joined arms with his old comrade Yu Dayou again to defeat the remnant of the combined Japanese and Chinese pirate force.

Years on the northern frontier

After eliminating the pirate threat, Qi Jiguang was called to Beijing in late 1567 to take charge of training the imperial guards.

With the revolt against the Yuan Dynasty in mid-14th century, Hongwu Emperor drove the Mongols north beyond the Great Wall and founded the Ming Dynasty. However, he did not manage to eliminate Mongolian power, which continued to pester the northern frontier for the next two hundred years. When Qi was in Beijing in 1550, Altan Khan, ruler of the Tumed Mongols, broke through the northern defenses and nearly devastated Beijing. In 1571, the Ming Dynasty bestowed the title "Lord Shunyi" (順義王) upon Altan Khan and established trade with the Mongols. Altan Khan then forbade his subordinates from raiding Chinese settlements. However, other Mongols led by Jasaghtu Khan continued to test Qi's defenses, though without much success.

In the next year, he was given command of the troops in Jizhou to defend against the Mongols. Qi oversaw the repair work on the segment of the Great Wall between Shanhai Pass and Juyong Pass. He also directed the construction of watchtowers along the wall. After two years of hard work, more than 1,000 watchtowers were completed, giving the defensive capability in the north a great boost.

In the winter of 1572, Qi also conducted a month-long military exercise involving more than 100,000 troops. Based on his experience with the exercise he wrote the Records of Military Training (練兵實紀), which became an invaluable reference for military leaders after him.

During the early reign of the Wanli emperor (1570s), the Mongol army led by Dong Huli, chieftain of the Duoyan tribe, continuously invaded the Ming territory. Qi Jiguang's troops defeated them many times and captured Dong Huli's younger brother Changtu. When Dong Huli brought his nephew and 300 clansmen to beg tearfully for mercy at the outpost, Qi Jiguang accepted their surrender. Dong released captives from his previous plunders and vowed to never invade Jizhou again.

Death

In early 1583, Qi was relieved of his duty. His wife left him soon after and he spent the rest of his years in poverty and ailing health.

He died on 17 January 1588.

Legacy

Books by Qi Jiguang

Qi Jiguang documented his ideas and experience in the form of two books on military strategy, the Ji Xiao Xin Shu (紀效新書) and the Lianbing Shiji (練兵實紀) or Record of Military Training. He also wrote a great number of poems and proses, which he compiled into the Collection of Zhizhi Hall (止止堂集), named after his study hall during his office in Jizhou.

Guangbing

A type of hard pancake called guangbing (光餅, Foochow Romanized: guŏng-biāng, known as kompyang in Malaysia and Indonesia) was named after Qi Jiguang.

Chi Kuang frigate

The Republic of China Navy Cheng Kung class frigate Chi Kuang (FFG 1105) as well as the People's Liberation Army Navy Type 680 training ship Qi Jiguang are after him.

In popular culture

A Taiwanese film 1978 Qi Jiguang (戚繼光) (English title Great General) depicts the conflict with the pirates.

Qi Jiguang's late years in Shandong are the subject of the 1980 Hong Kong film, The Warrant of Assassination (密殺令).

The 2008 Chinese television series The Shaolin Warriors provided a fictional account of Qi Jiguang enlisting the help of Shaolin Monastery's warrior monks in defending China from the wokou and other invaders. Malaysian actor Christopher Lee played Qi Jiguang.

In 2017 the film God Of War is another fictional portrayal of the General and his wife, with Vincent Zhao in the leading role.

A historical portrayal of Qi Jiguang is represented in the 2008 Discovery Channel special Behind the Great Wall (name of the actor not shown in the credits). The documentary focuses on Qi's rebuilding of the Great Wall through his partnership with Imperial Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng.