Li Renxiao was the eldest son of Emperor Chongzong, and succeeded him at the age of sixteen. After ascending into the throne, Renzong made friendly overtures to the Jin Dynasty. In domestic politics, Renzong created many schools and used examinations to choose his officials. He respected Confucianism, and built many temples worshipping Confucius. During era Tian Sheng, Renzong hired a Tibet lama as a religious advisor and printed many copies of Buddhist teachings.

In 1170, Renzong discovered a plot to kill him. He executed the generals who were behind the plot. As a result, Renzong distrusted his army generals and the army began to fall into incompetence. During his later years, Western Xia began to fight wars against various enemies.

Renzong's reign was the peak of Western Xia Dynasty. Many tribes to the north and west became vassal states of Western Xia, and Renzong's focus on internal politics allowed the central government to be more efficient. His reign coincides with the peak of the Southern Song and the Jin Dynasties, and there were relatively few conflicts between these three countries.

He died in 1193 having reigned for over half a century like his father before him.

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由于其兄李仁愛先于崇宗而死，故被立為太子。1139年7月1日夏崇宗李乾順去世，李仁孝即位，時年十六歲。在位期間結好金國，以穩定外部環境；重用文化程度較高的党項和漢族大臣主持國政；設立各級學校，以推廣教育；實行科舉，以選拔人才；尊崇儒學，大修孔廟及尊奉孔子為文宣帝；建立翰林學士院，編纂歷朝實錄；重視禮樂，修樂書《新律》；天盛年間，頒行法典《天盛年改新定律令》；尊尚佛教，供奉藏傳佛教僧人為國師，並刻印佛經多種。

乾祐元年（1170年），得金之助，處死權相任得敬，粉碎其分國陰謀。可能因為任得敬的專權跋扈，令仁孝對武官不太信任，政策多數重文輕武，導致軍備開始廢弛，戰鬥力減弱，晚夏戰爭屢戰屢敗，國家於仁宗末年開始走下坡。但總結來說，他統治期間為西夏的盛世，與其父夏崇宗朝並稱「崇仁之治」，這一時期也是金國、南宋的盛世，三國之間戰爭甚少，因此仁孝能專心料理國家內政。各汗國羨慕西夏之強盛，紛紛朝貢。文化臻於鼎盛，為党項文化寫下光輝燦爛的一頁。

乾祐二十四年九月二十日（1193年10月16日）崩，年七十，諡聖德皇帝，廟號仁宗。

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