生平

李大亮有文武才干，隋朝末年为隋将庞玉部下行军兵曹。李密率领瓦岗军攻打东都洛阳，庞玉与瓦岗军作战，兵败被俘。瓦岗军将领张弼释放李大亮，与其结交。时任唐王的李渊兵进长安，李大亮投归辅助高祖，授士门令。劝降胡人有功，唐高祖拜李大亮为金州总管司马，旋擢迁安州（今湖北安陆）刺史。

玄武门之变后，李渊禅让帝位予秦王李世民。世民即唐太宗，改元贞观。在贞观年间，李大亮出任过交州都督、凉州都督、西北道安抚大使、剑南道巡省大使、左卫大将军、灵州大总管、工部尚书，晋封武阳县公。贞观八年（公元634年）李大亮领兵征伐从吐谷浑进犯而来的番兵番将，贞观十五年（641年）任灵州总管，与李靖协作击败薛延陀十万来犯之敌，受封为行军总管。

李大亮从金州总管晋升到行军总管，对唐朝初年稳定政局贡献极多。唐太宗征讨高句丽时，命李大亮协助房玄龄留驻长安，不久去世，享寿五十九岁。

李大亮为大唐戎马一生、功在社稷，终其一生清廉，家无馀资，甚是清贫，太宗恸哭不已、甚为李大亮罢朝三日。追赠兵部尚书、秦州都督，谥懿、陪葬昭陵。旧唐书的撰书史臣赞曰：「大亮有王陵、周勃之节，名下无虚士矣！」。

经历

• 武德元年（618年），李大亮被授予土门县令。境内饥荒，盗贼众多，李大亮召集难民、卖掉自己的坐骑，资助难民开垦荒地，李大亮亦领军打击盗贼，境内逐渐安定，政绩受到巡行视察的秦王赞赏。又因招降胡贼，李大亮升任金州（在今陕西安康市）总管府司马。

• 王弘烈占据襄阳，唐朝派李大亮安抚樊、邓（在今湖北省襄樊市及河南省邓县一带），进而攻下十馀城。迁任安州刺史(治所在今河北定州市)。

• 出使广州，至九江，会辅公祏反，用计擒拿住其将张善安。辅公祏领军包围猷州(在今安徽泾县城西)，猷州刺史左难当固守，李大亮率兵将辅公祏击走。迁越州都督。

• 贞观初年（627年），李大亮调任交州都督，封武阳县男。

• 回长安任太府卿，不久又外任凉州都督。唐太宗击灭突厥后，在河南之地安置投降的胡人，任李大亮为西北道安抚大使，而李大亮反对太宗优待胡人的政策，谏议停止招慰，让边塞汉人免去劳役，以专心务农。

• 贞观八年（634年），为剑南道巡省大使。同年，唐军讨伐吐谷浑，李大亮为河东道行军总管，与李靖一起入青海，在蜀浑山大破吐谷浑军，俘虏其领军名王，缴获杂畜数万，爵位进为武阳县公，并拜为右卫大将军。

• 贞观十七年（643年），晋王李治被立为皇太子，李大亮兼任太子右卫率，又兼工部尚书，身兼三职，宿卫两宫。

• 贞观十八年（644年），唐太宗征讨高句丽，下诏让李大亮作为房玄龄的副手留守京城。不久患病不起，唐太宗亲自为他配药，让人从驿站送到长安。但最终不治病逝。

传说

子女

• 李奉诫，湖州安吉县令

• 李奉倩

• 李守一，库部员外郎

During the Sui dynasty

Li Daliang was from Jingyang, close to Daxing, the Sui dynasty capital (which would become Chang'an, the Tang dynasty capital after 618). His great-grandfather Li Yan (李琰) had been a Minister of Revenue (度支尚书) during Northern Wei, and his father Li Chongjie (李充节) was a local commander-in-chief (总管) in the Sui dynasty. Li Daliang was talented in both the books and martial arts at an early age. In 617, he was serving under general Pang Yu (庞玉) near the eastern capital Luoyang, when he was defeated and captured by rebels under Li Mi. The other 100 plus captives were all executed, but Li Daliang was somehow spared by the rebel general Zhang Bi, who befriended him.

Under Emperor Gaozu of Tang (Li Yuan)

In 618, Li Daliang joined Li Yuan (posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu) who founded the Tang dynasty. He was appointed county magistrate of Tumen (土门, roughly modern Fuping County, Shaanxi), which was then ravished by famine and bandits. Li Daliang sold his horses to aid the poor and needy, encouraged farming, and led his soldiers to eradicate bandits. When Li Yuan's son Li Shimin passed through the area, he was very impressed with what he saw and heard, so he rewarded Li Daliang with horses and fabrics. Once, knowing that he couldn't resist an incursion by a large Göktürks force numbering more than 1,000 men, Li Daliang went to the enemy camp by himself on a horse. He spoke at length about the risks and rewards, and persuaded the Göktürks to submit. He slaughtered his horse, feasted with the tribesmen, and returned to Tumen on foot. The Tang emperor was very pleased by his accomplishment, and promoted Li Daliang to Adjutant of Area Command in Jin Prefecture.

In 620, Li Daliang participated in the campaign against warlord Wang Shichong, leading an army towards Xiangyang defended by Wang Shichong's nephew Wang Honglie (王弘烈). He captured over 10 cities, and killed Wang Shichong's general Guo Da'an. For his success, Li Yuan appointed him governor of An Prefecture.

In 623, Li Daliang was named Pacification Commissioner (安抚使) and sent with an army to Guǎng Prefecture to pacify the area. On his way, he was in Jiujiang when Fu Gongshi rebelled against Tang. Li Daliang immediately led his men towards Hong Prefecture, defended by Fu Gongshi's general Zhang Shan'an. With their armies on opposite sides of the Gan River, Li Daliang talked to Zhang Shan'an and tried to induce him to surrender. Zhang Shan'an said he was pressured by his soldiers into rebelling, and he wasn't sure whether he would be punished if he surrendered. Li Daliang said, "Commander-in-Chief Zhang, if you plan to surrender, then we are family." He alone crossed the river on his horse, took Zhang Shan'an's hands and gained his trust. Zhang Shan'an agreed to surrender, and went to Li Daliang's camp with more than 10 cavalrymen. Li Daliang asked the cavalrymen to stay outside while he led Zhang Shan'an inside. After chatting for a while, Li Daliang ordered his soldiers to detain Zhang Shan'an, as the cavalrymen outside fled.

After a while, Zhang Shan'an's soldiers arrived and demanded Li Daliang return their general. Li Daliang had someone tell them that Zhang Shan'an didn't want to return because he was serious about surrendering. Zhang Shan'an's soldiers thought they were betrayed and deserted, so they all scattered. Li Daliang led his men to capture many of them. Zhang Shan'an was delivered to Chang'an (and eventually killed). In February 624, Li Daliang led his soldiers to You Prefecture (猷州; around modern Xuancheng), where Fu Gongshi had laid a siege. He defeated Fu Gongshi to save You Prefecture. After Fu Gongshi was killed soon after, the emperor rewarded Li Daliang with hundreds of maidservants, but Li Daliang set them all free, saying:

When Li Yuan heard of this, he gasped in admiration, but resent him another 20 girls. Afterwards Li Daling served as Commander-in-Chief (都督) of Yue Prefecture.

Under Emperor Taizong of Tang (Li Shimin)

Li Shimin (posthumously known as Emperor Taizong) became the Tang emperor in 626. The following year Li Daliang was assigned to Jiaozhou. When he left his post in Yue Prefecture, he left behind hundreds of volumes of his writing as he felt they would help his successors. Later he returned to the capital to serve as Chief Minister of the Court of the Imperial Treasury (太府卿), before being sent out to Liang Prefecture in the western parts of the empire as Commander-in-Chief. In 629, an emperor's messenger arrived and noticed a magnificent eagle in Li's possession. To ingratiate himself to Li, he advised Li to present it to the emperor as a gift. Li Daliang then secretly wrote a letter to the emperor, which said:

The emperor praised Li Daguang's loyalty and honesty, and wrote this reply: "What is there for me to worry about if I have ministers like you!" He also endowed Li Daliang with a foreign vase in his personal possession, as well as the historical text Annals of Han (汉纪) written by Xun Yue in the Han dynasty.

In 630, Illig Qaghan was captured as the Göktürk tribesmen scattered in the Yiwu region (around modern Hami City, Xinjiang). Li Shimin appointed Li Daliang Pacification Commissioner of the Xibei Circuit (西北道) to induce the surrenders of the Turkic chieftains. Li Shimin had wanted to win over chieftains by providing them with food, cloth and titles, with the plan of resettling them south of the Yellow River. Li Daliang opposed the idea, and wrote a memorial in which he said,

Li Shimin listened to his advice and left the Göktürks outside of Tang's border.

In 634, Li Daliang was sent to Jiannan Circuit as an Inspection Commissioner (巡省大使). He attacked corruption and promoted good government, earning the approval of the common people.

Later that year, Li Shimin decided to carry out a major campaign against the hostile western neighbor Tuyuhun. Li Daliang was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Hedong Circuit under general Li Jing. The force led by Li Jing, Li Daliang, and general Xue Wanjun (薛万均) which headed northwest defeated the Tuyuhun main army the following year, as Li Daliang captured more than 20 nobles and more than 50,000 livestock animals in a battle near Mount Shuhun (蜀浑山; probably around modern Gonghe County, Qinghai). The Tuyuhun khan Murong Fuyun fled (and was killed in flight), and his son Murong Shun surrendered. Li Shimin created Murong Shun a khan to succeed his father and pulled the main Tang army out of Tuyuhun, but Li Daliang with a few thousand men were temporarily left behind to support Murong Shun—who was unpopular with his people—until Murong Shun's assassination a few months after. For his merits in this campaign, Li Daliang received a sumptuous gift including 150 maidservants from the emperor, but he gave everything to his relatives.

At some point Li Daliang was appointed General-in-Chief of the Right Guard in the capital Chang'an. In winter 641, the Göktürks under Qilibi Khan (a vassal of the Tang resettled in the Ordos Loop) were attacked by Xueyantuo people under Zhenzhu Khan, and Li Shimin sent Li Daliang and other generals to aid Qilibi Khan, with Li Shiji in overall command. A few months later, the Tang army dealt a major blow to the Xueyantuo troops, which fled back to their territory.

In May 643, Li Shimin created his son Li Zhi his crown prince, and Li Daliang was appointed Right Defense Guard Commander for the Crown Prince (太子右卫率) while retaining his post with the Imperial Guards. In September 643, Li Daliang was also appointed Minister of Works (工部尚书). With three concurrent appointments, Li Daliang worked even harder to guard both the emperor's and the crown prince's palaces, often sleeping upright for entire nights when his soldiers were on duty. Li Shimin would say: 「When you, sir, are on duty, I can sleep soundly through the night.」 Fang Xuanling, the grand councilor, also praised Li Daliang greatly, even comparing him to the virtuous Han dynasty ministers Wang Ling (王陵) and Zhou Bo.

It was around this time Li Daliang reencountered Zhang Bi, the general who spared his life in the Sui dynasty, by chance on the street. With tears in his eyes, he held Zhang Bi's hands and humbly offered him all his money. Zhang Bi refused. Li Daliang then told the emperor how indebted he was to Zhang Bi, and the emperor promoted Zhang Bi from a Palace Construction Aide (将作丞) to Commander-in-Chief of Dai Prefecture as a result. Li Daliang was praised for remembering and repaying the kindness he had received.

In November 644, as Li Shimin prepared to lead an army against Goguryeo, he went to Luoyang and appointed Li Daliang vice-governor of the capital Chang'an, under governor Fang Xuanling who had spoken highly of him. But soon Li Daming fell ill. When Li Shimin heard of it, he personally prepared medicine and ordered it delivered to him by the relay system, but Li Daliang's symptoms did not improve. On his deathbed, Li Daliang wrote a petition to the emperor, advising him to abandon the campaign against Goguryeo and instead focus on properly managing the Chang'an area. (The first campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War in 645 turned out to be a failure.)

When news of his death reached Li Shimin, the emperor broke down and cried. Imperial sessions were suspended for three days, and Li Daliang received the posthumous name "Yi" (懿; meaning "virtuous") as well as many posthumous titles. Li Daliang had lived simply so that when he died there was no jade or pearl at home to put in his coffin as was the tradition. Instead, he was buried with only rice and cloth. In fact, Li Daliang had spent a lot of money giving proper burials to relatives without offspring. He had also helped raise so many orphans, that 15 people not his own children mourned him like their father during the funeral. Li Daliang was buried in Zhao Mausoleum, where Li Shimin would later also be buried.

Notes and references

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