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刘焉[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:204938
关系 | 对象 | 文献依据 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 刘焉 | |
name-style | 君郎 | 《后汉书·卷一百五·列传第六十五》:刘焉字君郎,江夏竟陵人也,{{竟陵今复州县。 |
died | 194 | |
authority-wikidata | Q702926 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 刘焉_(益州牧) | |
link-wikipedia_en | Liu_Yan_(Han_dynasty_warlord) |
显示更多...: 生平 家庭 父母 妻妾 儿女 儿媳 族侄 部下 盟友 参考 注释
生平
刘焉生于2世纪,是汉景帝之子鲁恭王刘馀裔孙竟陵侯的后裔,以汉朝宗室身份,为刘巴父刘祥所举的孝廉,后拜为中郎,历任雒阳令、冀州刺史、南阳太守、宗正、太常等官。
汉灵帝中平五年(188年),汉朝政权衰落天下大乱之时,刘焉向朝廷提出了一个影响三国历史的重大建议,即用宗室、重臣为州牧,在地方上凌驾于刺史、太守之上,独揽大权以安定百姓,史称「废史立牧」。朝廷采纳了这一建议。南梁的刘昭认为设立州牧是天下大乱的原因。
当时益州刺史郤俭在益州大事聚敛,贪婪成风。本来想求领交址牧避祸的刘焉因为听侍中广汉董扶说益州有天子之气,改向朝廷请求为益州牧。于是刘焉被封阳城侯,前往益州整饬吏治。董扶亦求为蜀郡属国都尉,及太仓令巴西赵韪、吴壹等举家随刘焉入蜀。俱随刘焉。吕乂儿时送刘焉入蜀,因道路阻塞留于蜀地。
献帝迁都长安,孟光逃入蜀,刘焉父子待以客礼。
刘焉尚未到达,郤俭已被黄巾军马相等杀死,但是刚称帝的几日的马相又被益州从事贾龙组织军队击败。贾龙于是迎接刘焉入益州,治所定在绵竹。
张鲁母始以鬼道,又有少容,常往来刘焉家,所以刘焉遣民间势力「五斗米道」的首领张鲁为督义司马,刘焉此后派遣与别部司马张修一起前往汉中,攻打汉中太守苏固。刘焉后来又让张鲁杀害汉朝使者,刘焉则以米贼作乱阻隔交通为由,从此中断与中央朝廷的联络。张鲁在汉中得势后,却杀死张修,刘张两家由此结怨。
刘焉又托他事杀州中豪强王咸、李权等十馀人,以立威刑。犍为太守任岐自称将军,与从事陈超举兵击刘焉及之前平乱有功的贾龙,董卓使司徒赵谦将兵向州,说服校尉贾龙引兵还击刘焉,刘焉以青羌散骑出战,打败任岐、贾龙等皆蜀郡人。
天下诸侯讨伐董卓之时,刘焉也拒不出兵,保州自守。南阳、三辅一带有数万户流民进入益州,刘焉悉数收编,称为「东州兵」。这支军力虽然引起了不少民患,但是也成为刘璋继任后平定赵韪内乱的决定性力量。
相士言吴壹妹为大贵之人,刘焉有反叛之心,为三子刘瑁纳为吴壹妹为妻,刘瑁病故后,吴氏守寡。
此后,刘焉称病,让朝廷将其子奉车都尉刘璋从京城派到益州,将其留下。
194年,在朝中的长子左中郎将刘范和次子治书御史刘诞却因为与西凉马腾策划进攻长安失败,被李傕杀死。议郎庞羲是刘焉世交,送刘焉的孙辈入蜀免受牵连。此时绵竹发生大火,损失严重,刘焉不得已迁州治到成都。然后因为伤心死去的两个儿子,又担忧灾祸,他发背疮而死。子刘璋代其位,以张鲁不顺,杀张鲁母亲及其家族。张鲁遂据汉中。
刘焉的部下赵韪等因为刘璋软弱,于是一致决定推举他继任益州牧。
家庭
父母
• 刘某,汉末宗室,本名已佚,官至长沙郡太守,因此称"刘长沙",娶黄琼之女。( 盛弘之《荆州记》载:郑乡即郑城地也。岗南有刘长沙墓,益州牧焉之父。)
• 黄氏,司空黄琼女、黄琬姑母
妻妾
• 费氏,刘焉诸子之母,为费观的姑祖母。
• 卢氏,张鲁之母,与刘焉关系暧昧不明,史载:鲁母好养生、有少容,兼挟鬼道,经常往来益州牧刘焉家,致使张鲁获得刘焉任用。
儿女
• 刘范——刘焉长子,左中郎将。后为李傕所杀。
• 刘诞——刘焉次子,治书御史,与刘范一起被杀。
• 刘瑁——刘焉三子,别部司马,随父刘焉入益州。
• 刘璋——刘焉幼子,字季玉,后为继承人。
儿媳
• 庞氏——庞羲族姊,刘范之妻。
• 吴氏——吴恺之女,吴匡侄女,吴懿之妹,吴班族妹,野史记其名为吴苋,刘瑁之妻,瑁早逝,无子守寡,颇有姿色,后嫁给刘备,即为穆皇后。
• 费氏——费伯仁之女,费观姑母,刘璋之妻。
族侄
• 刘璝——刘璋时期,为军中大将,曾屡屡劝说刘璋不要让刘备入蜀,刘备攻蜀后,和邓贤、冷苞、张任一起镇守涪城迎击刘备大军,战败,退至绵竹。与刘璋长子刘循主持守卫雒城,坚守一年后雒城才陷落,因不愿降伏刘备被杀。
部下
• 董扶——字茂安,广汉郡绵竹县人,本是朝廷侍中,后随刘焉入蜀,任蜀郡西部属国都尉,为刘焉谋士。
• 任安——字定祖,广汉郡绵竹县人,蜀中名士,俱事杨厚,与同乡人董扶齐名,屡次婉拒朝廷徵召,后为刘焉奉为上宾。
• 任元——字秀明,蜀郡成都县人,任岐族人,少时便有威望,历仕刘焉、刘璋、刘备,蜀汉建立时,官至执金吾,有一子任熙。
• 严颜——巴郡人,颇有胆略,曾为赵韪部属,刘璋时期,镇守巴郡,刘备攻蜀时曾激烈对抗,后兵败不愿投降,为张飞义释,不久听闻刘璋献城,结局有终身不仕,或是自刎殉国,至于后来投奔刘备则属小说创作。
• 景毅——字文坚,广汉郡梓潼县人,为当时名士,刘焉上任时,上表拜其为都尉。
• 祝龟——字元灵,以字行,汉中郡南郑县人,性情滑稽,以博学闻名,为当时名士,益州牧刘焉攻破汉中郡后,徵辟之,任葭萌长。著有《汉中耆旧传》。
• 陈术——字申伯,汉中郡人,以博学闻名,为当时名士,益州牧刘焉攻破汉中郡后,徵辟之,在刘焉帐下甚得重用,历任三郡太守。
• 郑度——广汉郡绵竹县人,为足智多谋之士,曾屡次与黄权、王累等人力劝刘璋打消让刘备入蜀的念头,不为采纳,后刘备攻破雒城,献上坚清壁野之策以耗刘备兵势,刘备听闻后惊恐不已,却为刚投奔自己的法正所安抚,法正认为刘璋仁厚必不会用此计,果然此计不为刘璋采纳,刘璋献城后,便下野隐居不仕。
• 何宗——字彦英,一作彦若,蜀郡郫县人。师从名士任安,精通经纬、天官、推步、图谶之术,刘焉入蜀后投奔,为其谋士。刘璋时期,出任犍为郡太守。
• 樊敏——字升达,蜀郡属国青衣县人,为当时名士,号约吏师。
• 五梁——字德山,犍为郡南安县人,师从名士任安,与同门何宗投奔刘焉为其谋士,刘璋时期,为刘璋长子刘循的导师。
• 孟光——字孝裕,河南尹雒阳县人,孟郁同族,以知识广博著名,灵帝末年任讲部吏,董卓挟持献帝迁都后,孟光趁机逃入蜀地,刘焉以上宾之礼对待他。
• 吴恺——新息县令,吴懿与吴苋的父亲,与刘焉有旧情,后弃官随刘焉举家入蜀。
• 吴懿——字子远,刘瑁之妻吴苋兄,为军中大将。
• 吴班——字元雄,吴匡子,因动乱随叔父吴恺一同入蜀,以豪侠闻名,官位常常仅次于吴懿。
• 孙肇——任校尉,负责统领由青羌、叟人所组成的异族军队,刘焉曾派其为援军领叟兵五千与马腾共击长安。
• 张修——巴郡人,汉末五斗米教首领,人称巴郡妖巫或五斗米师,曾起兵反汉,后为刘焉降伏,任别部司马。刘焉命其与张鲁攻杀汉宁郡( 即汉中郡 )太守苏固。
• 张鲁——字公祺,任军中司马,后受命占据汉宁郡( 即汉中郡 ),刘焉势力大增,为刘焉眼线,刘璋承袭刘焉后,因为不睦,反而自立起来。
• 张卫——字公则,张鲁之弟,因母亲卢氏与刘焉相善缘故,受刘焉重用为将。
• 张愧——字公仁,张鲁之弟,因母亲卢氏与刘焉相善缘故,受刘焉重用为将。
• 张徵——字不详,张鲁之弟,因母亲卢氏与刘焉相善缘故,受刘焉重用为文士,后刘璋与张鲁不合,与母亲卢氏一同被刘璋所杀。
• 张肃——字君矫,容貌甚伟,为张松之兄,初为长,刘彰初年,任别驾,后奉命出使结交曹操,被辟为丞相府掾,后任为广汉郡太守。
• 张松——字子乔,初为郡吏,刘璋中期受擢用,接替兄长为别驾,后私下叛刘璋,为兄长张肃得知,张肃选择告发,张松被刘璋下令杖杀。
• 张任——刘焉部将,蜀郡成都人,出身寒门,年轻时就非常有胆略,甚有气节,为刘焉所任用,刘备进攻蜀地时,刘璋遣张任、刘璝率精兵拒之于涪城,建安十九年(214年)败退到雒城,刘备进军包围雒城,在雁桥之战战败后被擒。刘备见其才能与忠义想招降他,但是张任说:「老臣终不复事二主矣。」,不愿投降于是被处死,当时刘备也为之叹息。
• 张裕——字南和,蜀郡人,精通占星、相面,少为郡吏,刘璋时期,出任益州从事。
• 张裔——字君嗣,益州蜀郡成都县人。年少时为郡吏,后举孝廉,任鱼复长,刘璋时期,,转任从事,领帐下司马。刘备攻蜀时,曾奉命抵挡张飞。
• 贾龙——益州从事,迎刘焉入蜀,不满刘焉株连蜀中大姓,于是听从董卓所遣派的说客赵谦之言,起兵讨伐刘焉,刘焉却早已调动青羌散骑入蜀,贾龙被俘后问斩。
• 赵韪——巴西郡人,原在朝中为太仓令,后随刘焉入蜀中,刘焉病逝后,立刘璋为主,拜征东中郎将。因东州兵衍生地方争议,加上刘璋命其多次抵御刘表却无功,因而起兵反叛刘璋,被刘璋遣军败之,撤往江州途中被追兵斩之。
• 赵莋——刘焉、刘璋重臣,刘璋时期为巴东郡太守。
• 吕常——吕乂之父。护送刘焉入蜀,时值道路阻隔,遂留蜀中。
• 黄权——字公衡,巴西郡阆中县人,初为郡吏,刘璋时期,升为主簿,刘璋招刘备入蜀时,其与王累、郑度力劝此事不果,后刘备统治蜀中被其招纳,夷陵之战随刘备出征却因归路被断不得已而降魏。
• 高沛——刘焉部将,庞统说其与杨怀为蜀中名将。
• 杨怀——刘焉部将,庞统说其与高沛为蜀中名将。
• 庞羲——刘焉部将,司隶河南尹河南县人,本为朝中议郎,与刘焉有深交,族妹为刘范之妻,刘范勾结马腾、韩遂之事泄后,为李傕捕杀后,其藏匿起刘焉的几个孙子后伺机入蜀,为刘焉重用为亲信,被任命为巴郡太守,负责掌理东部诸事,刘璋承袭其父后,与张鲁交恶,命其为巴西郡太守,驻守阆中防御张鲁。
• 庞乐——庞羲族人,本赵韪帐下牙将,刘璋初期,赵韪举兵造反,与同僚李异一同举兵攻打赵韪。
• 李异——本赵韪帐下牙将,刘璋初期,赵韪举兵造反,与同僚庞乐一同举兵攻打赵韪。
• 王商——字文表,广汉郡郪县人,以才学著,刘璋时期以治中从事行蜀郡太守事。
• 王甫——字国山,广汉郡郪县人,与王商同族,刘璋时期,任州书佐。
• 王士——字义强,广汉郡郪县人,与王商同族,初为郡吏,不如从兄弟王商、王甫、王累等人被重用,直至刘备平蜀后,才屡屡晋升。
• 王累——字不详,广汉郡新都县人,与王商同族,刘璋时期,任从事,后以绳倒悬在城门之上,劝谏刘璋别迎刘备入蜀,但刘璋不听。而只好选择在门口处以自刎来结束自己的生命。
• 王谋——字元泰,汉嘉郡汉嘉县人,为刘焉谋士,性格有容止操行,善美谨慎。刘璋时期,出任巴郡太守。
• 王连——字文仪,南阳郡人,以刘焉部曲入蜀,后任梓潼令,刘备攻蜀时,曾坚守梓潼县城,等到刘璋献城后,才出城投降。
• 马忠——原名狐笃,字德信,巴西郡阆中县人,年轻为郡吏,后举孝廉,出任汉昌长。
• 马勋——字盛衡,巴西郡阆中县人。初为郡吏,刘璋时期,任州书佐。
• 程畿——字季然,巴西郡阆中县人。刘焉时期,任汉昌长,受命治理境内賨人,甚得威信;刘璋时期,以谏言打消庞羲自立的念头,以此功任江阳郡太守。
• 常员——蜀郡江原县人,为刘焉所置的牂柯郡太守。
• 阴溥——河内郡人,于董卓秉政时举家逃入蜀中,被刘焉聘为宾客,刘璋时期,曾作为使节出使刚平定汉中的曹操。
• 娄发——刘焉部曲,后为防守荆州牧刘表的东部诸将之一,刘璋初期,为刘表别驾刘阖煽动,与同僚沈弥、甘宁等人一同起兵造反,却为东中郎将赵韪所败,逃至荆州。
• 沈弥——刘焉部曲,后为防守荆州牧刘表的东部诸将之一,刘璋初期,为刘表别驾刘阖煽动,与同僚娄发、甘宁等人一同起兵造反,却为东中郎将赵韪所败,逃至荆州。
• 甘宁——字兴霸,巴郡临江县人,本为江贼,号曰「锦帆贼」,后闻刘焉入蜀,率众为其部曲,尔后成为防守荆州牧刘表的东部诸将之一,刘璋初期,心中不满赵韪立较为仁弱的刘璋为主,加上受刘表别驾刘阖煽动,与同僚娄发、沈弥等人一同起兵造反,却为东中郎将赵韪所败,逃至荆州。
• 龚谌——巴郡安汉县人,初为县吏,刘璋分巴郡为三郡后,任龚谌为巴西郡功曹;蜀汉初年,任犍为郡太守,子龚禄。
盟友
• 任岐——犍为郡太守,蜀郡人,本和贾龙一同平马相之乱,并迎刘焉入蜀,后不满刘焉屠戮蜀中大姓,与从事陈超举兵反攻,却为刘焉遣东州兵击破,城破后被执杀。
• 王咸——巴郡太守,为蜀中大姓,初期迎刘焉入蜀,董卓秉政时,刘焉欲以威刑来提升对蜀中的掌握,于是以通董卓的名义处死王咸、李权等数名豪强。
• 李权——字伯豫,任临邛长,为蜀中大姓,初期迎刘焉入蜀,董卓秉政时,刘焉欲以威刑来提升对蜀中的掌握,于是以通董卓的名义处死王咸、李权等数名豪强。其子为蜀汉中期重臣李福。
• 高躬——又作高联,陈留郡圉县人,即出自兖州名门陈留高氏,灵帝晚年(187 ~ 189 年),出任蜀郡太守,后逢董卓秉政,高躬为求自保而依附刘焉。妻子袁氏为汉末重臣宣文侯袁逢之女( 即袁基、袁绍、袁术的姊妹 ),子高干。
• 刘宠——字世信,广汉郡绵竹县人,曾任成都令,政教明肃。历任郫令、安汉令,灵帝晚年(187 ~ 189 年),出任牂柯郡太守,后逢董卓秉政,刘宠为求自保而依附刘焉。
• 韩遂
• 马腾
参考
• 《后汉书·刘焉袁术吕布列传》
• 《三国志·刘二牧传》
• 《华阳国志·公孙述刘二牧志》
注释
显示更多...: Life Family In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Life
Liu Yan was a descendant of Liu Yu, who was Prince of Lu in the early Han dynasty. Because his branch of the Liu family was powerful, and because he proved himself to be an able statesman, he quickly rose through the ranks of the court. The highest post he reached was that of Minister of Ceremonies (太常), or person responsible for ceremonies related to the emperor. During the reign of Emperor Ling, the central court became a politically dangerous place, which Liu Yan wanted to distance himself from. Initially, Liu Yan wanted to be the Governor of Jiaozhi, but an adviser of his, Dong Fu (董扶), suggested that being the Governor of Yi Province, at that time considered a backward and distant province of the Han Empire, would be auspicious. Liu Yan took the advice, and with his private army set off for his new post in 188.
After arriving in Yi Province, Liu Yan was confronted with his first crisis. Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi started a rebellion in the region, claiming to be part of the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Liu Yan enlisted the help of powerful local families to raise an army and put down the rebellion.
Once firmly in control of the region, he plotted to gain independence from the central Han government. The first step in his plan was to send Zhang Lu and Zhang Xiu to attack the forces of the official Han governor of Hanzhong, Su Gu (苏固) and take over his territory. Zhang Lu first killed Zhang Xiu, and after absorbing the latter's armies he successfully managed to kill Su Gu and take control of the territory, which created an independent buffer state between Liu Yan's Yi Province and the Han central government.
His next step in gaining control of the region was to rein in the power of the local families, who had their own wealth and large private armies. He executed the leaders of over 10 families, but another powerful family leader Jia Long (贾龙) banded together with others and rebelled. Although the armies of the families were powerful, Liu Yan's forces eventually prevailed. The next threat was from the Qiang people, who attacked Liu Yan's capital of Mianzhu (绵竹). However, Liu Yan's forces were able to successfully defend their territory from being ravaged.
In 194, when Li Jue and Guo Si gained control of Chang'an after Dong Zhuo's death, three of Liu Yan's sons (Liu Fan, Liu Dan, and Liu Zhang) were in Chang'an serving in various government posts. Liu Yan joined forces with Han Sui and Ma Teng in an attempt to attack the capital and seize it. With the help of his sons in the city, the armies attacked, but were defeated. In the hasty retreat, Liu Fan and Liu Dan were captured by Li Jue's forces as they tried to flee Chang'an, and were tortured and killed. Liu Zhang, however, barely managed to escape and join up with his father, who returned once again to Yi Province.
In summer of the same year, Liu Yan's residence in Mianzhu was struck by lightning and burnt down, forcing him to relocate the provincial capital to Chengdu. Soon afterward, his third son Liu Mao died from illness. It is said that the grief caused by the loss of three sons caused him to develop an illness on his back, which would eventually cause his death later in the year.
His death left his fourth and youngest son Liu Zhang in control of Yi Province.
Family
• Ancestor: Liu Yu, fourth son of Emperor Jing
• Sons:
• Liu Fan, served as General of the Household of the Left, killed by Li Jue
• Liu Dan, served as Imperial Clerk Preparer of Documents, killed by Li Jue
• Liu Mao, served as Senior Major, died from illness
• Liu Zhang, inherited Liu Yan's position as Governor of Yi Province, lost Yi province to Liu Bei, joined Liu Bei, defected to Sun Quan, died 2 years later.
• Daughters-in-law:
• Lady Wu, Liu Mao's wife, married Liu Bei after her husband's death, became known as Empress Mu
• Lady Pang (庞氏), Liu Fan's wife, related to Pang Xi
• Lady Fei (费氏), Liu Zhang's wife, Fei Guan (费观)'s younger sister
• Lady Cui (崔氏), Cui Yan's younger sister
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Yan was the governor of You Province in northern China during the events of the Yellow Turban Rebellion. He met Liu Bei, who rallied an army of volunteers to help him fight the Yellow Turban rebels. In Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms, however, there is no record of Liu Yan assuming governorship of You Province.
文献资料 | 引用次数 |
---|---|
全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文 | 5 |
三国志 | 2 |
大清一统志 | 2 |
华阳国志 | 2 |
资治通鉴 | 1 |
通志 | 2 |
后汉书 | 3 |
御批历代通鉴辑览 | 2 |
名贤氏族言行类稿 | 2 |
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