中国哲学书电子化计划 数据维基 | |
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陈煚[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:525060
关系 | 对象 | 文献依据 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 陈太宗 | |
name | 陈煚 | default |
name | 陈日煚 | |
name | 陈光昞 | |
father | person:陈承 | 《大越史记全书·卷之五》:帝乃承之次子也,母黎氏。 |
ruled | dynasty:陈朝 | |
from-date 建中元年 1225/2/9 - 1226/1/29 | ||
to-date 元丰八年 1258/2/5 - 1259/1/24 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q713224 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 陈煚 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Trần_Thái_Tông |
显示更多...: 家世及即位 来历的疑问 先世的崛起 早年生活及入侍李昭皇 受禅即位 在位期间的施政 帐籍制度 税收 防洪工程 教育制度 法律 官制 兵制 退位上皇 对外关系 向南宋称臣 征占城 抗击蒙古帝国 去世 家庭 对李昭皇的处置 被迫迎娶嫂子,引致动乱 亲属 著作 后世评价 注释
家世及即位
来历的疑问
根据《大越史记全书》记载,陈煚的先世是中国闽人,下又附注说「或曰桂林人」,未能确定陈氏的祖籍地,不过在中国的野史中流传著两种不同版本。
• 第一种版本:宋人笔记《齐东野语》称,陈煚原名「谢升卿」,来自福州长乐邑,因犯杀人罪,经邕州(今属中国广西)逃入安南,安南丞相招其为赘婿,之后「屡遣人至闽访其家」并称此事是同佥枢密院事陈合(字惟善,福州长乐人)说的;
• 第二种版本:清晋江人蔡永蒹所著的《西山杂志》称,陈氏先世是泉州晋江安海镇的陈厝坑,后渡海至安南做生意之后成为李朝的入赘驸马。
以上描述与《大越史记全书》所写的,陈家在先世定居安南后以打渔为生计,至陈李这一代始因救驾有功而发迹的记载大相径庭。且《齐东野语》称陈煚就是福州长乐人谢升卿,但陈氏家族早已定居安南,陈煚八岁时就在从叔陈守度扶持下即位,他不会是当时中国福建人,而按《大越史记全书》载:「初,帝之先世闽人(或曰桂林人)有名京者,来居天长即墨乡。」参考来看,此谢升卿应为其五世祖陈京,其乃杀人逃犯,变换姓名后避罪于安南。
先世的崛起
据《大越史记全书》记载,陈煚的五世祖陈京移居越南的即墨乡(今越南南定省美禄县),世代从事渔业。传至祖父陈李,已经以「渔业致富,傍人归之,因有众,亦起为盗」,在即墨乡甚有势力。在李朝治平龙应四至五年(1208年至1209年期间),爆发范猷之乱,当时的李高宗与太子李旵(即日后的李惠宗)一同离京出逃。李旵在逃亡途中,迎娶了陈李之女为妃。从此,陈氏便晋身为外戚之家。
陈煚的叔父辈,都身居李朝朝中要职。叔父陈嗣庆(陈李之子),因不满妹妹被谭太后(李惠宗之母)迫害,于建嘉三年(1213年)起兵得势,获授任为太尉辅政,加上李惠宗容易发狂,无法处理朝政,大权便旁落在陈嗣庆手上;父亲陈承,于建嘉十三年(1223年)陈嗣庆死后任辅国太尉;从叔陈守度曾任殿前指挥使,负责「知城市内外诸军事」。凭著这种特殊的背景,陈煚便被安排与李昭皇成亲。
早年生活及入侍李昭皇
陈煚出生于建嘉八年六月十六日(1218年7月10日)是陈承的次子,母亲黎氏,先讳蒲。据史书所载,陈煚有帝王之相,「隆准龙颜,似汉高祖」。8岁时任李朝的祗应局祗候正,因陈守度的连带关系,得以入宫侍候李昭皇,被「见而悦之」,,封为驸马。于是,陈煚便成为陈氏篡李的重要棋子。
受禅即位
据陈朝成书的《越史略》所载,李朝之所以禅让给陈氏,是李昭皇之父、当时身为上皇的李惠宗之意。李惠宗曾说过,自己的女儿李昭皇「以一阴而御群阳,衆所不与,必致悔亡」,他见「太尉(陈承)仲子某(指陈煚)年虽冲幼,相貌非常,必能济世安民,欲以为子而主神器,仍以昭王配之」。陈承听到后,感到犹疑不决,恐怕李惠宗的说话只是一种试探,陈守度却认为李惠宗「今以无嗣,欲择贤而付之,此乃上王远法尧舜之真让,又何疑哉?」于是就让陈煚接受禅位。
《大越史记全书》则记载,天彰有道二年(1225年)十月,陈守度得悉陈煚与李昭皇感情渐深后,便决定发动政变,「率家属亲戚入禁中,守度闭城门及诸宫门,令人守之,百官进朝,不得入」,然后遍告群臣「陛下(李昭皇)己有尚矣」,亦即是控制李朝宫廷,然后让昭皇退位。最后,昭皇下诏,说自己是女主,无法把政务处理好,「今朕反独算,惟得陈煚,文质彬彬,诚贤人君子之体,威仪抑抑,有圣神文武之资」,并于十二月十一日(1226年1月10日),
禅位给年方8岁的陈煚。陈煚登基后,拜陈守度为「国尚父」,掌理国政,而父亲陈承则「权摄国政为上皇」。
在位期间的施政
年幼继位的陈煚,在其整个在位时期中,朝政大权一直受父亲陈承(死于1234年)及从叔陈守度(死于1264年)所影响。特别是陈守度,据《大越史记全书》所说,「太宗之得天下者,皆其(陈守度)谋力也。故为国倚重,权移人主。」至于陈朝在陈煚当皇帝期间的施政则如下。
帐籍制度
陈煚在位时,延续了李朝的帐籍制度。方法是,国内村庄,有多少文官、武官、书吏、军士、男丁、年老伤残及流落移居者,当地的官员都要记入帐籍。按照帐籍纪录,人民当中有官爵的,子孙可承荫任官;富有而无官爵的,世代服兵役。
税收
• 丁税:陈朝政府按男丁所拥有的田亩数理徵税,例如拥有田1、2亩,每年缴纳丁税钱1贯;拥有3、4亩,缴纳2贯;拥有5亩以上缴纳3贯;无田地的,丁税全免。
• 土地税:陈朝又规定须缴交土地税,方法是每私有田一亩,田主便要缴纳粟100升。在公田方面,则分为「国库田」及「拓刀田」,按照田地好坏,分成上中下三等,徵收不同数额的谷物。另外,民间的池塘、盐田亦各有徵税规定。
• 其他税项:陈朝还有其他税项,如槟榔税、安息香税,以及鱼、虾、蔬、果,均各有税项。
防洪工程
因越南西北部地区多山,而红河三角洲一带则地平而多河流,每逢雨季,易形成山洪暴发。天应政平十七年(1248年),在丐江(江河)两岸修筑堤坝,称之为「鼎耳堤」,又设置河堤正副使2人负责管理。若堤坝修建到民田上,则由政府按田价偿给田主。
教育制度
• 科举:建中八年,陈朝开设太学生科(考进士),分出次第,以三甲定高低。天应政平十六年(1247年),科举又设状元、榜眼、探花三魁,以及开儒、佛、道三教科试。
• 官方办学:元丰三年(1253年),设立「国学院」,讲授四书五经,并设立讲武堂练习武术。(学者戴可来据《钦定越史通鉴纲目》正编卷六癸丑陈太宗元丰三年条,指出「国学院」或为「国子院」之误)
法律
陈朝在天应政平十三年(1244年),曾制定刑律,大致上是很重的,如犯偷窃的罪犯,会被断手、砍足,或者被象踏。
官制
• 官僚规模:陈朝的官僚架构,具有一定规模,有三公、三少、太尉、司马、司徒、司空、左右相国、首相、参知等高官要职。另外,在文官方面,中央有各部尚书、侍郎、郎中、员外、御史,地方上有安抚使、知府、通判、佥判;武官方面,中央有骠骑上将军、锦卫上将军、金吾大将军、武卫大将军、副都将军等职,地方上有经略使、防御使、守御使、观察使、都护、都统、总管等职。
• 升迁制度:陈朝官吏,每做满10年升爵1级,15年升职一等。
兵制
陈煚在位期间,国内大量壮丁被编入伍当兵,贵族亲王也有募集军队之权。
退位上皇
陈煚于元丰八年二月二十四日(1258年3月30日),逊位于皇太子陈晃(即陈圣宗),退居北宫,被尊为「显尧圣寿太上皇帝」,与儿子陈圣宗一起共理国政。
此一举动,在日后的陈朝历代君主均有仿效。近代越南史家陈仲金作出简述,认为陈煚的用意在于「以便教导他(陈晃)治理国家的各种方法,并防备兄弟们日后的争执」。越南封建时代史家吴士连对这项影响陈朝政局的习惯,则有以下一段论述:
对外关系
陈煚在位的时期里,大越国的周边形势,是蒙古帝国崛起,渐次蚕食中国的大理、南宋等国,甚至攻打大越。而南方邻国占城,则是大越国入侵的对象。
向南宋称臣
陈煚对于南宋,是奉行友好入贡的态度。早在南宋绍定(1228年-1233年初年,陈朝遣使入贡,宋理宗册封陈煚为「安南国王,加特进检校太尉、兼御史大夫、上柱国,赐效忠顺化保节守义怀德归仁慕治奉公正恭履信功臣,静海军节度观察处置等使」,食邑一万一千户,实封四千二百户。元丰八年(南宋宝佑六年,1258年),陈煚「上世袭表」,向宋廷传达让位给儿子陈晃的意向,而宋廷则向越方表示「情状叵测,申饬边备」,要求加强国防,以免蒙古进犯。陈圣宗绍隆四年(南宋景定二年,1261年),陈朝遣使入贡,获宋廷「下诏奖谕,遣使赐金并法锦。」次年(1262年)南宋下诏,授陈煚为「检校太师、安南国大王,加食邑」,并对陈晃进行册封。其后,在绍隆十二年及十五年(南宋咸淳五年及八年,1269年及1272年),宋廷又对陈煚、陈晃父子「加食邑」及赠送礼物。总括而言,中国南宋与越南陈朝的关系,是处于和洽友好的「朝贡关系」。
征占城
占城人在李朝衰落时期,便经常有船只抢掠大越国沿海居民。陈煚登基后,便「怀之以德,遣使往谕」,向占城政府展示出友好姿态,而占城却「虽常入贡,而复乞故地,且有窥觎之意」,意图收复前代被越人攻取的领土,以及有凯觎之心。陈煚对此甚为不满,便于元丰二年(1252年)春正月亲征占城。到十二月,俘获占城王的妻子及臣民而返。
抗击蒙古帝国
元丰三年(1253年),蒙古帝国消灭大理国,而蒙古朝廷却无意撤军,反而「留兀良合台攻诸夷之未附者」
。元丰七年十二月十二日(1258年1月17日),兀良合台率兵侵入大越,陈煚虽然亲自迎击,「自将督战,前冒矢石」,但最后仍是不敌,退守天幕江(在今越南兴安省),国都升龙失陷。在这危急关头,陈煚乘船向太尉陈日晈商讨对策,陈日晈却态度沮丧,在船边用手指点水,然后在船舷写「入宋」二字,表示不如投靠宋人。陈煚再问太师陈守度,陈守度的答案则是「臣首未至地,陛下无烦他虑」,表示仍愿意抵抗,使陈煚重拾战意。十二月二十四日(1258年1月29日),陈煚及太子陈晃乘坐楼船,在东步头击败蒙古军队。蒙古军撤退时,又遭到居民袭击,最终撤出大越。
陈煚虽然成功击退蒙古军队,但自知是「小国」,唯有「诚心事上」,看「大国何以待之」,便改名光昺,遣使上表纳贡。其后,蒙古帝国亦向陈氏朝廷册封为安南国王,并定下「安南三岁一贡,回赐礼物」的外交规例。
去世
陈圣宗宝符五年四月一日(1277年5月5日),陈煚「崩于万寿宫」,享寿60。十月四日(10月31日),葬于昭陵,庙号「太宗」,谥号为「统天御极隆功茂德显和佑顺神文圣武元孝皇帝」
家庭
对李昭皇的处置
当陈煚即皇帝位时,原先的李昭皇(李佛金)被册封为皇后,改称「昭圣」。天应政平六年(1237年),改以妻姊顺天公主(李佛金之姊)为皇后,李佛金则被降格为「昭圣公主」。元丰八年正月,陈煚又把李佛金嫁给大臣黎辅陈。
被迫迎娶嫂子,引致动乱
在陈煚登位之初,虽然有李佛金为其皇后,但由于未能诞下子嗣,便在陈守度的安排下,天应政平六年(1237年),改以陈煚兄长陈柳的妻子李氏(李佛金之姊顺天公主)为皇后,是为顺天皇后(当时已怀有陈国康)。陈柳对此深表不满,便起兵作乱。陈煚对于形势发展至这一地步,「内不自安」,于是离开京城升龙,到安子山浮云国师(陈煚友人)处居住。陈守度率领群臣找陈煚回京,陈煚郤说:「朕以幼冲,未堪重寄,父皇(陈承)遽尔违背(当时已去世),早丧所怙,不敢宅帝位,以辱社稷」,认为自己无德无能居于帝位。陈守度见不得已,便向群臣说:「凡乘舆所在,即是朝廷」,把整个朝廷及官僚架构搬到陈煚住处,陈煚唯有回京。不久,陈柳自知势孤力弱,便假扮渔夫,乘独木舟找陈煚,表示愿意投降,陈煚即「与之对泣」。这时,被陈守度发现,拔剑要杀陈柳,陈煚「以身当之」,事情于是和解。事后,陈煚对陈柳增加封地,封为「安生王」,以作安抚。
亲属
• 先世:
• 五世祖:陈京
• 四世祖:陈翕
• 祖父:陈李
• 父亲:陈承
• 母亲:黎氏(建中二年(1226年)十月,被尊为「国圣皇太后」,一说是「保圣国母」)
• 叔父:陈嗣庆
• 从叔:陈守度
• 兄弟:
• 安生王陈柳
• 钦天王陈日晈
• 怀德王陈婆列
• 姊妹:
• 瑞婆公主
• 天城公主
• 后宫:
• 昭圣皇后:陈煚即位时册立,后来被废黜。
• 顺天皇后:原是昭圣皇后之姊、陈柳之妻。
• 子:
• 皇太子:陈郑(于1233年薨,生母李昭皇。《大越史记全书》提到可能是「始生而殇」)
• 子:靖国王陈国康(1237年生1300年去世。生父安生王陈柳,母亲顺天皇后。当陈煚迎娶顺天皇后时,已怀有国康)
• 嫡长子:陈圣宗陈晃
• 子:昭道王陈光昶(《大越史记全书》记载他是「太宗庶子,益稷同母兄」)
• 第三子:昭明王陈光啓,嫡出
• 子:平原王陈日永,庶出
• 第五子:昭国王陈益稷
• 第六子:昭文王陈日燏
• 明宪王陈蔚
• 武威王陈维
• 女
• 韶阳公主
• 瑞宝公主
• 安姿公主(嫁元镇南王脱欢)
著作
据《钦定越史通鉴纲目》,陈煚有如下几部作品:
• 《国朝通礼》十卷;
• 《刑律》一卷;
• 《建中常礼》十卷(※范宏科指出,《建中常礼》实际应为一卷。);
• 《课虚集》一卷;
• 《御诗》一卷
※以上各项,参见《钦定越史通鉴纲目》正编卷之十三。
后世评价
• 越南陈朝裕宗皇帝曾写了一首诗,来赞美太宗陈煚:「唐越开基两太宗,彼称贞观我元丰,建成诛死安生在,庙号虽同德不同。」表示陈煚虽曾与兄弟陈柳有过节,但陈柳郤能保著性命及身份,这代表陈太宗的道德高于唐太宗。
• 《大越史记全书》的编撰者认为陈煚「宽仁大度,有帝王之量,所以能创业垂统,立纪张纲。」但同时亦认为从叔陈守度居功不少,「陈家之制度伟矣,然规画国事,皆陈守度所为」。不过,陈守度安排陈煚迎娶嫂子的做法,郤遭后黎朝初年史家潘孚先猛烈抨击,说:「(陈煚)乃听守度之邪谋,夺兄妻以为后,母乃斁彝伦,以启淫乱之端乎!柳自是生嫌隙,敢于作乱,太宗养成其恶也。或谓太宗不杀兄仁矣。愚谓夺兄妻,其恶已彰,不杀兄,天理未灭耳,乌得谓之仁哉! 」
• 阮朝嗣德帝评价陈煚得位之事:「千古奇事,北朝历代得国,寔未曾有。如柴氏继周已异,未至如此。然观之,亦不过如王莽、杨坚类耳。虽不能借有尚为名,而天下亦必归于陈氏矣。得国皆仗守度之力,犹清顺治之于多尔衮一般。陈太尊有何可称焉!故陈无太祖,所以延祚,其在圣、仁二尊之功也。」
注释
显示更多...: Early life Reign Family Relation with Trần Liễu
Early life
Trần Cảnh (陈煚) was born in 1218 in modern-day Nam Định province during the last years of the Lý. Trần Thủ Độ, his uncle, prepared the way for his marriage to Queen Lý Chiêu Hoàng, the last queen of the House of Lý, who later abdicated to make him the founder of the Trần Dynasty in 1226.
His progress to the throne in particular and the replacement of the Trần Dynasty over the Lý Dynasty in general were mostly thanks to the efforts of Trần Thủ Độ, Trần Cảnh's uncle. At that time, Trần Thủ Độ was the front commander of capital of the Lý house. Trần Cảnh's father, Trần Thừa, was also an official under the Lý Dynasty, like Trần Thủ Độ. He had been "Nội thị khán thủ", one of the most important officials in the Lý Dynasty.
Reign
During his reign Trần Thái Tông used three era names: Kiến Trung (1225–1232), Thiên Ứng Chính Bình (1232–1250) and Nguyên Phong (1251–1258).
In the autumn of 1257, Mongol general Uriyangkhadai addressed three letters to Trần Thái Tông demanding passage through to southern China in order to attack the Song dynasty. After the three successive envoys were imprisoned in the capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) of Dai Viet, Uriyangkhadai invaded Dai Viet. A battle was fought in which the Vietnamese used war elephants: the emperor even led his army from atop an elephant. Aju ordered his troops to fire arrows at the elephants' feet. The animals turned in panic and caused disorder in the Đại Việt army, which was routed. The Vietnamese senior leaders were able to escape on pre-prepared boats while part of their army was destroyed at No Nguyen (modern Viet Tri on the Hong River). The remainder of the royal army again suffered a major defeat in a fierce battle at the Phu Lo bridge the day after. This led the Tran leadership to evacuate the capital. The Vietnamese annals report that the evacuation was "in an orderly manner;" however this is viewed as a embellishment because the Vietnamese must have retreated in disarray to leave their weapons behind in the capital. While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam due to poor climate, Uriyangkhadai left Thang Long after nine days to invade the Song dynasty. After the Mongol departure, Trần Thái Tông agreed to send tribute every 3 years to the court of the Mongol Empire.
Learned in both Confucianism and Buddhism, he ruled the country wisely and authored several profound works on Buddhism, the most famous of which is Khoa Hu Luc (Instructions on Emptiness), a Zen manual. A prodigious writer, he left behind a substantial number of works, of which only a small number survive.
A boy student was given money in exchange for becoming a eunuch by the emperor in 1254 since many men castrated themselves to become eunuchs during the Tran and Ly dynasties.
In 1258 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, crown prince Trần Hoảng.
Family
There is nothing that gives reference to exactly how many children he had, but it is known that he had children by the name of Trần Trịnh (died prematurely), Tĩnh Quốc Vương Trần Quốc Khang, Trần Hoảng, Chiêu Minh Vương Trần Quang Khải, Trần Nhật Vĩnh, Chiêu Quốc Vương Trần Ích Tắc, Chiêu Văn Vương Trần Nhật Duật, Chiêu Đạo Vương Trần Quang Xưởng, princesses Thiên Thành (wife of Hưng đạo Vương Trần Quốc Tuấn), Thiều Dương, Thuỵ Bảo, An Tư.
• Father: Trần Thái Tổ
• Mother: Lady Lê thị
• Brother(s) and sister(s):
• Older brother: King of Yên Sinh
• Older sister: Princess Thụy Bà, adoptive mother of Great King of Hưng Đạo
• Younger brother: King of Khâm Thiên
• Younger brother: King of Hoài Đức
• Consort(s) and their Issue(s):
• #Crown Prince Trần Trịnh
• Empress Consort Thuận Thiên
• #Prince Trần Quốc Khang, later King of Tĩnh Quốc
• #Crown Prince Trần Hoảng, later Emperor Trần Thánh Tông
• #Prince Trần Quang Khải, later Great King of Chiêu Minh
• Other Issues:
• Prince Trần Nhật Vĩnh, King of Bình Nguyên
• Prince Trần Duy, King of Vũ Uy
• Prince Trần Quang Xưởng, King of Chiêu Đạo
• Prince Trần Ích Tắc, King of Chiêu Quốc
• Prince Trần Nhật Duật, King of Chiêu Văn
• Prince Trần Uất, King of Minh Hiến
• Princess Thiên Thành, later Queen Nguyên Từ of Great King of Hưng Đạo
• Princess Thiều Dương
• Princess Thụy Bảo, later wife of General Trần Bình Trọng
• Princess An Tư, later wife of Prince Toghan of Yuan dynasty. Prince Toghan was the ninth son of Kublai Khan.
Relation with Trần Liễu
Trần Liễu was Trần Thái Tông's elder brother. In 1237, Trần Thái Tông and Empress Chiêu Thành still did not have any son to maintain the continuation of his dynasty, due to Trần Trịnh's premature death.
At that time, Princess Thuận Thiên, Trần Liễu's wife, had been pregnant with Quốc Khang for 3 months. Trần Thủ Độ and his wife princess Thiên Cực advised the emperor to arrogate the pregnancy to himself to maintain the continuity of the dynasty. Taking their advice, the emperor gave injunction to appoint princess Thuận Thiên the status of empress, and demote Chiêu Hoàng to princess. In response, Trần Liễu took his army to Cai River to rebel.
This incident embarrassed Trần Thái Tông and he left the capital for Yên Tử mountain. Only after taking advice from the Buddhist priests Trần Thủ Độ and Phù Vân, did he return to the capital. Two weeks later, Trần Liễu surrendered. Trần Thủ Độ intended to behead him, but Trần Thái Tông intervened by covering him with his body, so that Trần Thủ Độ could not do anything. Afterwards, he gave him his territory, consisting of Yên Phụ, Yên Dưỡng, Yên Sinh, Yên Hưng, and Yên Bang.
Due to the name of his territory, Liễu was also called "Yên Sinh Vương."
主題 | 關係 | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
陈圣宗 | father | ||
建中 | ruler | 1225/2/9 - 1226/1/29建中元年 | 1232/1/24 - 1233/2/10建中八年 |
天应政平 | ruler | 1232/1/24 - 1233/2/10天应政平元年 | 1251/1/24 - 1252/2/10天应政平二十年 |
元丰 | ruler | 1251/1/24 - 1252/2/10元丰元年 | 1258/2/5 - 1259/1/24元丰八年 |
文献资料 | 引用次数 |
---|---|
大越史记全书 | 46 |
元史 | 25 |
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