孔有德（？ - 1652年），
明末
清初武将。辽东（今辽宁辽阳）人，原籍山东。
显示更多...: 身世 生平 吴桥兵变 叛明助清 身后
身世
孔有德自称为孔子后裔，但张同敞认为孔有德自称孔子后裔是对孔子的侮辱，孔氏族人则在孔有德试图拜谒孔庙孔林时关闭大门禁止其进入，并呵斥孔有德是冒称孔子后裔。
生平
明末任参将，矿徒出身，曾是辽东海盗，后投效毛文龙，与尚可喜、耿仲明被称为「山东三矿徒」。孔有德目不识丁，但弓马武艺娴熟，常临阵先登，骁猛劲健，勇冠三军。
吴桥兵变
崇祯四年（1631年）八月，皇太极率清兵攻大淩河城（今辽宁锦县），祖大寿围于城内。孙元化急令孔有德以八百骑赶赴前线增援，然登州辽东兵与山东兵素不和，孔有德抵达吴桥时，因遇大雨春雪，部队给养不足，士兵抢劫哗变。孔有德在登州发动吴桥兵变，自号都元帅，孙元化忠于朝廷不愿称王，孔有德放他逃离登州。明朝派兵镇压后，投降后金。
叛明助清
崇德元年（1636年），受封恭顺王，出征朝鲜、锦州、松山等地。入关后，随多铎追剿明武装力量，镇压了江南各地的抗清斗争。顺治三年（1646年）授平南大将军，进攻南明永历政权。顺治四年（1650年），会同清军破桂林，收捕张同敞、瞿式耜、靖江王朱亨歅等，瞿式耜、张同敞在桂林风洞山仙鹤岭下被杀，靖江王朱亨歅在西门外民房中被缢死。
顺治五年，改封定南王，出征广西。顺治九年，西宁王李定国率东路军收复湖南大部，并南下广西，直趋桂林，清定南王孔有德亲自率军前往兴安县严关，扼险拒守，明军以象阵大破清军，取得严关大战的胜利，史载「象亦突阵，王师大奔，死亡不可胜计，横尸遍野」。孔有德狼狈奔回桂林，下令紧闭城门，惶惶不可终日。七月初一，孔有德又败，「兵未交而象阵前列，劲卒山拥，尘沙蔽日，马闻象鸣皆颠厥，有德众遂奔，掩杀大败」。仅孔有德一人逃回，大西军包围桂林。七月初四，李定国率领明军攻破武胜门，清军抵敌不住，全线溃败，孔有德额头中箭，自知必死，「聚其宝玩于一室，手刃爱姬，遂闭户，自焚死」，明朝降臣原庆国公陈邦傅、清广西巡按王荃可、署布政使张星光被俘虏（秦王孙可望后将陈邦傅父子赴市曹剥皮，王荃可、张星光处斩），其妻白氏自缢。仅有德之女孔四贞逃脱。明军取得了桂林大战的胜利。
顾炎武闻讯有诗云：「廿载吴桥贼，于今伏斧砧。国威方一震，兵势已遥临。张楚三军令，尊周四海心。书生筹往略，不觉泪痕深。」
身后
顺治帝为孔有德上谥号武壮，因孔有德的尸体被李定国焚骨扬灰，清廷为孔有德建衣冠冢。
孔有德之子孔庭训亦在几年后被李定国下令处斩，朝廷破格予以厚葬。
惟一幸存的女儿孔四贞则被孝庄皇后收为养女。
以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
Kong Youde (c=孔有德|p=Kǒng Yǒudé; ; Transliteration of Manchu: kung ioo de; died August 7, 1652) was a Chinese adventurer and
Ming dynasty military officer who served under the warlord
Mao Wenlong until Mao's death in 1629. Subsequently he worked for
Sun Yuanhua, governor of Shandong, along with fellow Mao subordinate
Geng Zhongming. When ordered by Sun to reinforce
Zu Dashou at the Battle of Dalinghe in 1631, Kong and Geng mutinied, pillaging the countryside, sacking Dengzhou, and subsequently defecting to the Manchu—soon to declare themselves China's
Qing Dynasty—in 1633. They were joined in 1634 by another former officer under Mao,
Shang Kexi. Together, the three were known as the "Three Miners from Shandong" and participated in many campaigns under the Qing dynasty, hastening the demise of the Ming.
显示更多...: Life Early career Mutiny Defection Later career Family
Life
Early career
Kong Youde was illiterate, but was known for his ferocity and martial skills in battle. He was a loyal follower of the semi-independent warlord Mao Wenlong, who operated in Liaodong under nominal Ming supervision. In an effort to unify Ming forces on the northern frontier under a single command structure, general Yuan Chonghuan trapped and executed Mao Wenlong in 1629. Although Yuan had hoped to recruit Mao's followers into the regular Ming army, some including Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming refused to join him. Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming had close relationship, some historical sources indicate that they were sworn brothers, both of them left instead for Dengzhou to work for Sun Yuanhua. While serving in Dengzhou, Kong and Geng were among the officers who learned to use the new European cannons Sun had obtained from Macau.
Mutiny
In September 1631, the Later Jin dynasty of the Manchu people laid siege to the northern fortress of Dalinghe. Sun ordered Kong Youde to reinforce Ming general Zu Dashou, who was trapped at Dalinghe. Rather than join the battle, Kong decided to loot the surrounding countryside instead. In February 1632, Kong Youde attacked Sun's garrison at Dengzhou, where Geng Zhongming was stationed. Geng turned on Sun Yuanhua, and Dengzhou fell to Kong Youde's assault. Among the casualties of the battle were several of the Portuguese artillery specialists from Macau who had been training the Ming troops. Kong and Geng took the Western cannons. Sun was allowed to leave unharmed, but was subsequently executed for desertion after arriving at the Ming capital of Beijing.
Defection
After capturing Dengzhou, Kong Youde besieged the Ming garrison at Laizhou. The Ming court responded by sending a force under the command of Zu Dashou's brother-in-law, Wu Xiang, accompanied by his son Wu Sangui. In 1633, Kong and Geng fled Shandong via the sea. After fighting several naval battles against Ming and Korean forces along the way, they landed in Liaodong with about 14,000 followers. They then switched allegiance to the Manchu Later Jin dynasty, and presented their Dengzhou artillery to the khan, Hong Taiji. Their former associate under Mao Wenlong, Shang Kexi, soon joined them in 1634. Hong Taiji renamed the Later Jin dynasty to the Qing dynasty in 1636.
Later career
Kong Youde participated in the invasion of Shanxi in 1634. Kong, Geng, and Shang Kexi all participated in the second Manchu invasion of Korea. Kong and Shang also participated in the siege of Jinzhou, against Zu Dashou. All three men were also involved in the war against Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun dynasty. Kong Youde continued fighting against Southern Ming forces throughout the 1640s as the Qing dynasty consolidated its control over China proper, notably in Hunan and Guangxi.
In 1652, Kong Youde was battling Southern Ming armies in Guangxi when he was outflanked by the Ming loyalist general Li Dingguo. Having nowhere to escape, Kong committed suicide in Guilin. Kong was buried outside the Zhanyi Gate in Beijing.
Family
Kong Youde claimed to be a descendant of Confucius. This claimed descent, repeated in his Qing era biographies, was likely a fabrication. It was rejected by the officially recognized descendants of Confucius in Shandong, and he was barred by the family from entering the Cemetery of Confucius to pay his respects.
His daughter Kong Sizhen married General Sun Yanling and supported his participation of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories.
以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
